In order to study the cardinal TEMPERATUREs of lambsquarter (Chenopodium album), purselane (Protulace oleracea), crab grass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and also predicting their emergence time within the fields an experiment was conducted in Weeds Research Labratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2005.The type of experiment was a completely randomized design with 9 treatment and three replications was used. Treatments consisted of 9 constant TEMPERATUREs (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45oC) with 50 percent relative humidity and constant light radiation for 14 days. The germinated seeds were counted everyday and the rate of germination percentage, cumulative germination and cardinal TEMPERATUREs were calculated. The cardinal TEMPERATUREs including base TEMPERATURE (Tb), optimum TEMPERATURE (To) and CIELING TEMPERATURE (Tc) for lambsquarter was 4,29.5 and 43.3oC for purslane 11.8,35 and 49.3oC and for crab grass it were 14.16,25/6 and 41.3°C respectively.The results indicated that lambsquarter with lower Tb and To is able to germinate when it is cooler and thus it will be dominant early in the season, Gradually, when the weather is getting warmer, purselane and then crab grass will dominate and invade the fields. On the whole, due to differences in physiologic of aspects and rate of weed growth the germination peak differs within fields.

One of the important issues in the production of concrete is environmental variability that affects the concrete and elements constructed from this material. Due to the importance of different characteristics of concrete in short- and long-term conditions, this article aims to investigate the influence of initial TEMPERATURE conditions of self-compacting concrete on its long-term characteristics and determine the initial optimal TEMPERATURE of concrete. For these purposes, several experiments under three TEMPERATURE conditions of 5, 20, and 40 degree-of-Celsius were conducted to evaluate the rheology and mechanical properties of fresh concrete in the range of 7 and 28 days. In these experiments, alternative mineral admixtures of cement such as micro-silica, fly ash, and zeolite were used to build the concrete specimens. Results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the specimens increase with increasing initial TEMPERATURE in the short term, while such properties significantly decrease in the long term compared to the specimens constructed under lower initial TEMPERATURE. Moreover, the fluidity of self-compacting concrete increases with increasing initial TEMPERATURE.

The current study aimed to optimize artificial insemination in aged broiler breeder hens in two experiments. In the first experiment, the effect of (two) different diluted semen TEMPERATUREs (5 and 25 °C) of Hubbard rooster (40 roosters, 58 weeks of age) on fertility, hatchability and sperm penetration (SP) rate in the perivitelline layer of Hubbard hen (180 hens) were investigated. In the second experiment, three (different) sperm concentrations (100 (C100), 200 (C200), and 400 (C400) million sperm in 0.25 mL per hen) of Hubbard roosters (40 roosters, 62 weeks of age) on fertility, hatchability and SP rate of Hubbard broiler breeder hens (270 hens) were explored. In the first experiment, the results showed that the TEMPERATURE of 5 °C of diluted semen compared to the 25 °C, increased percentage of hatchability of set eggs, hatchability of fertile eggs, and SP and decreased early embryonic mortality. The results of the second experiment showed the highest percentage of fertility and SP rate were observed at treatment C400. Also, in this experiment that highest percentage of hatchability of set eggs and hatchability of fertile eggs and lowest early embryonic mortality were observed at treatment C400. Return on investment (ROI) of the treatments C200 and C400 was approximately 2.9 and 1.4, respectively. In overall, the results of this study showed that (in attention to ROI and hatchability) to optimize artificial insemination of aged broiler breeder hens we can use a sperm concentration of 200 to 400 million in 0.25 mL per hens at 5 °C.

In this study, the life history characteristics of Trichogramma euproctidis (Girault), an established egg parasitoid species in southwestern Iran, parasitizing Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) were examined at 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, and 33 °C. The results showed that different constant TEMPERATUREs significantly affected the number of parasitized eggs, development time, sex ratio, tibial length, number of parasitoids per host egg, progeny longevity, and fecundity. T. euproctidis failed to complete development at 18 °C, the lowest TEMPERATURE tested. The mean developmental duration from egg to adult female decreased from 15.33 days at 21 °C to 7.25 days at 33 °C. An average of 188-degree days was required to complete development above the lower threshold TEMPERATURE (7.2 °C). Survivorship was 96.20, 97.20, 98.33, 85.46, and 82.22 % at 21, 24, 27, 30, and 33 °C, respectively. The mean longevity of T. euproctidis ranged from 11.60 days at 21 °C to 4.57 days at 33 °C. Mean total progeny ranged from 19.50 / female at 33 °C to 168.70 / female at 21 °C. Data analysis demonstrated that different constant TEMPERATUREs had a significant effect on the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and generation time (T). The intrinsic rate of increase (r) improved with TEMPERATURE from 0.240/day at 21°C to 0.370/day at 27 °C and then decreased at higher TEMPERATUREs. Generation time decreased from 16.90 days to 7.53 days with increasing TEMPERATURE. The optimal TEMPERATURE for development and reproduction of T. euproctidis was 27 °C. The results of this study showed that this strain of T. euproctidis appears to have the potential to be utilized in integrated management programs targeting H. armigera.

Air conditioning systems are used in industries and residential environments with the aim of improving environmental conditions and creating a comfortable TEMPERATURE for users. Considering the production of sound and vibration in most of its components, the lack of control of the production sound level always exposes the users to unwanted sound, which in addition to hearing complications, also causes fatigue and dissatisfaction with the environmental conditions. . Compressors are one of the most important sources of sound production in air conditioning systems, and screw compressors are one of the most widely used in air conditioning industries. Therefore, the compressor shell should be designed to minimize the transmission of sound from inside to outside. Since the maximum working TEMPERATURE of compressors is up to 80 degrees Celsius, therefore, in this research, an acoustic test was performed on a sample of a screw compressor shell in two modes of ambient TEMPERATURE and maximum working TEMPERATURE inside the acoustic room, and the effect of TEMPERATURE increase on the sound pressure level. transferred from the shell to the external environment is discussed. Finally, based on the frequency analysis performed in two conditions of ambient TEMPERATURE and maximum working TEMPERATURE and comparing the amount of sound transmitted to the environment at different frequencies, practical solutions to reduce the amount of transmitted sound pressure have been presented.

Listeria monocytogenes is a gram positive bacterium which through the contaminated foods causes Listeriosis in the human and abortion in livestock. This bacterium is widely available in the nature that the possibility of the food contamination is very high.Therefore, one of the possible ways of controlling the bacterium in the food and environment is the biocontrol of this bacterium. For this purpose bacteriophages might be used. To get rid of bacteria using phage depends on complex physical and chemical conditions. In this study we evaluated the effect of pH and TEMPERATURE for 5 separate phages from lysogenic Listeria monocytogenes of aborted fetus on 4 strains of Listeria monocytogenes. The common bacteria in the ewes' fetus abortion in different regions of Isfahan were investigated for two years. Lysogenic Listeria was inculcated in liquid medium. Five Listeria phages were extracted by a 0.45-mm filter. Then, 5 pages with a titer of 109 PFU/ml were selected and mixed together .Subsequently the selected mixtures were poured equally into 3 test tubes. The tubes' pH s was adjusted to 4, 7, and 9. At TEMPERATUREs 0oto 7oC, 8oto 14oC, 15o to 25oC and 26oto 37oC 2.5ml of each bacteriophages mixture with the same pH were mixed separately with 4 strains of Listeria monocytogenes and were incubated for 24 hours. Thereafter, a drop of each tube's content was cultured on the blood agar. Lytic or lysogenic colonies of the bacterium were assessed. More than 2/3 of Listeria monocytogenes causing the abortion in the ewes are in lysogenic forms. The best pH for the attachment of the bacteriophages to the host bacterium is a neutral pH. To transform the bacterium into all pH s, a wide TEMPERATURE range of (15oC to 37oC) was used. There was a significant difference (p= 0.05) between the formed lysogen from the bacterium having a 1<pH<7 and worth mentioning the bacterium form was transformed to lysogen forms. For biocontrol of Listeria monocytogenes in the environment and foods it is essential to know all the effective factors for the bacteriophages attachment to the Listeria monocytogenes and the conditions of the infected cells with the bacteriophages.

Morphological and ecological variations and inter-specific relationships of a red algal genus, Hypnea were investigated in 15 populations belong to 5 species from Oman Sea coasts. In this study, cluster analyses, principal component analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis were done. Statistical analyses indicated that characters such as special branches or branchlets, position of tetrasporange and algae habit are the most important diagnostic characters in intera-genus variation. In general two major clusters were formed. The first major cluster comprised H. boergesenii. Second major cluster contains two subclusters. The first subcluster comprised of H. charoides, H. valentiae and H. musciformis. The second subcluster comprised of H. pannosa. Results showed that variation in the cluster one was explained by average of annual salinity and morphological variation and in cluster two was related to average of annual PH, water TEMPERATURE and impurities.

Soil TEMPERATURE is one of the main physical parameters of soil. Plant growth and soil generation processes are subject to TEMPERATURE changes. The study of soil TEMPERATURE in different depth is of utmost importance in meteorology specially, in micro scale, in climatology, agriculture and industry. Soil TEMPERATURE change is subject to weather TEMPERATURE of earth surface. Relationship of soil and weather TEMPERATURE is one of the most important relationships which can be applied in forecasting cold weather and estimation of damages incurred on agricultural products. Boroujen area is one of agricultural areas of chaharmahal province. This study has been in this area for decreasing the frost bite damages incurred on farmer's products of that area and proper information providing for them. In this study, the minimum weather TEMPERATURE, minimum earth surface TEMPERATURE and the TEMPERATURE of different depths of earth (5-10-20-30-50 and 100 cm of earth) have been analyzed in definite standard hours, 6: 30 in the morning, 12: 30 of noon, and 6: 30 in the afternoon after collecting the data and doing different tests (data qualification and homogeneity). Observations show that the TEMPERATURE changes range in 24 hours is decreased as the earth depth is increased and that a time delay is occurred in lower depths before the TEMPERATURE reaches its maximum point. The annual TEMPERATURE cycle shows a time delay and a TEMPERATURE changes range decrease by depth increase. The annual average TEMPERATURE of earth is more than the annual average TEMPERATURE of air because the energy absorbed in earth is more then the energy absorbed in air and a part of heating energy absorbed in earth is transferred to lower depths. The depth of a frost bitten layer of earth has been determined in different seasons especially in the spring and fall and finally the predication of earth minimum TEMPERATURE has been offered for the prognosis of the occurrence of these phenomena. The study shows that the reason of sudden TEMPERATURE decrease in the spring has mainly been radiation TEMPERATURE decrease. The TEMPERATURE change of earth in 50 cm. depth has been slow in such a way that the total TEMPERATURE changes have been about 19.3oC. The most TEMPERATURE changes range in this area has been in 5 cm.depth and about 29.1oC. This study has shown that the correlation of the minimum weather TEMPERATURE and minimum earth TEMPERATURE in all months is linear. The most correlation has been 0.98 in June and the least correlation has been 0.52 in May. The change of earth TEMPERATURE has been wavy and has been decreased from surface to depth. The maximum TEMPERATURE has been in 50 cm depth of earth in August with one month delay.

The determination of air TEMPERATURE is important in the energy balance calculation, hydrology and meteorological studies. In this regard, the limited number of meteorological stations is one of the serious problems for air TEMPERATURE determination on a large spatial scale. The remote sensing technique by covering large areas and using updated satellite images might be appropriate for estimation of this parameter. In this research, the negative correlation between land surface TEMPERATURE and vegetation index (NDVI) has been used for air TEMPERATURE estimation through TVX method in which the inference of air TEMPERATURE is based on the hypothesis that the TEMPERATURE of the dense vegetation canopy is close to air TEMPERATURE. For investigation the performance of TVX method, images of MODIS sensor have been applied for the Sefidrod River basin in the years 1381- 1382-1384. The spilt window technique which was developed by Price has been used for land surface TEMPERATURE calculation. The mean difference between observed and estimated land surface TEMPERATURE using Price algorithm was about 6.2Co. This error can affect the air TEMPERATURE values. Because of using NDVI index in TVX method, this method has the sensitivity to the vegetation density, though in the parts with sparse vegetation, the value of error increases. 4 percent variation of air TEMPERATURE against the 0.05 increasing of maximum NDVI indicates the high performance of TVX method for air TEMPERATURE estimation in large areas.